When Opposition parties gathered in the muggy summer of 2023 to christen itself the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance, or INDIA, they governed 11 states. The Congress held Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Karnataka. The Trinamool Congress was firmly in power in West Bengal; so was the Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Democratic Front in Kerala. A Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam-led front ruled Tamil Nadu, the Aam Aadmi Party held the reins in Delhi and Punjab, the Congress-Left, Janata Dal (United)-Rashtriya Janata Dal mahagathbandhan governed Bihar, and a Jharkhand Mukti Morcha-Congress-RJD combine was in power in Jharkhand.
